Every student with special educational needs is different. A child with dyslexia, an autistic child and a child with a physical disability will need very different support. Still, some principles help almost every student with additional needs.
This practical guide is for teachers, teaching assistants, paraprofessionals and parents. It covers getting to know the student, adapting teaching, managing behaviour positively and working as a team.
1. Get to Know the Student
- Read any support plan (such as an IEP) and talk to parents and specialists.
- Learn what the student enjoys and is good at, not only their difficulties.
- Ask the student what helps them learn.
2. Use Clear, Simple Instructions
- Give one instruction at a time.
- Use visual supports: pictures, checklists, schedules.
- Check understanding by asking the student to repeat or show.
3. Adapt Teaching and Materials
| Need | Possible support |
|---|---|
| Reading difficulties | Audio books, larger text, extra time |
| Attention difficulties | Short tasks, movement breaks, seat near the teacher |
| Autism | Predictable routines, visual timetables, warnings before changes |
| Physical disabilities | Accessible seating and materials, assistive technology |
Reading Rockets explains the difference between accommodations and modifications.
4. Plan for Everyone From the Start
Universal Design for Learning (UDL) suggests offering multiple ways to engage, present information and show learning, so more students succeed without separate plans. See the CAST UDL Guidelines.
5. Manage Behaviour Positively
- Praise specific good behaviour.
- Look for the reason behind challenging behaviour (frustration, noise, tiredness).
- Offer calm spaces and choices.
6. Work as a Team
Teachers, teaching assistants, parents and specialists should share information and agree on strategies. Paraprofessionals play a big role; see the role of a paraprofessional educator.
7. Know the Rights
Laws differ by country. In the USA, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) guarantees eligible children a free appropriate public education; see the US Department of Education’s IDEA page. Check your own country’s inclusive education policies.
Read More
See special education tips for general teachers and what qualifies a child for special education.
Final Thoughts
Working well with special needs students starts with knowing each child, giving clear instructions, adapting materials, managing behaviour positively and working as a team. Small changes can make a big difference.
